面向無線通信的軌道角動量關鍵技術研究進展

廖希; 周晨虹; 王洋; 廖莎莎; 周繼華; 張杰

doi:10.11999/JEIT190372

面向無線通信的軌道角動量關鍵技術研究進展

doi: 10.11999/JEIT190372 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT190372

廖希^{1, 2, ,},
周晨虹¹,
王洋¹,
廖莎莎¹,
周繼華²,
張杰¹

1.
重慶郵電大學通信與信息工程學院重慶 400065
2.
重慶金美通信有限責任公司重慶 400030

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金(61801062, 61601073, 61801063)，重慶市基礎科學與前沿技術研究項目(CSTC2017JCYJA0817)，重慶郵電大學博士啟動基金(A2016-110)

詳細信息

作者簡介:
廖希：女，1988年生，講師，博士，研究方向為渦旋電磁波、電波傳播、射頻與微波電子學、信道建模等

周晨虹：女，1996年生，碩士生，研究方向為軌道角動量產(chǎn)生與傳播

王洋：男，1986年生，副教授，博士，研究方向為天線與傳播、雷達信號處理、無線通信等

廖莎莎：女，1990年生，講師，博士，研究方向為微波光子學、硅光子學、射頻信號處理等

周繼華：男，1979年生，研究員，博士，博士生導師，研究方向為移動網(wǎng)絡、無線通信、5G等

張杰：男，1967年生，教授，博士，研究方向為渦旋電磁波、毫米波通信、智能環(huán)境建模與設計等

通訊作者:
廖希　liaoxi@cqupt.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TN921
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2019-05-20
- 修回日期: 2019-09-18
- 網(wǎng)絡出版日期: 2020-03-02
- 刊出日期: 2020-07-23

A Survey of Orbital Angular Momentum in Wireless Communication

1.
School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
2.
Chongqing Jinmei Communications Co. LTD, Chongqing 400030, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (61801062, 61601073, 61801063), The Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (CSTC2017JCYJA0817), The Dr. Start-up Funding of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (A2016-110)

摘要

摘要:
電磁渦旋因攜帶軌道角動量而具有高維可調(diào)制自由度，被引入無線通信中以提升頻譜效率和抗干擾能力。該文首先介紹了軌道角動量和電磁渦旋的基本原理與特性；然后比較了電磁渦旋的產(chǎn)生方法，給出了超表面產(chǎn)生軌道角動量的工作原理，綜述了基于超表面的軌道角動量產(chǎn)生方法和研究現(xiàn)狀；總結了軌道角動量的傳輸性能、接收與檢測方法、復用與解復用性能；最后討論了未來在應用無線通信軌道角動量時需要解決的關鍵問題。
- 無線通信 /
- 電磁渦旋 /
- 軌道角動量 /
- 頻譜效率
Abstract:
Electromagnetic vortices are introduced into wireless communication to improve spectral efficiency and anti-interference capability. In this paper, the basic principle and characteristics of Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) and electromagnetic eddy are introduced firstly. The principle of generating Orbital Angular Momentum from supersurface is given, and the methods and research status of generating orbital angular momentum based on supersurface are summarized. The transmission performance, receiving and detecting method, multiplexing and demultiplexing performance of orbital angular momentum are summarized. Finally, the key problems to be solved in the future application of wireless communication orbital angular momentum are discussed.
- Wireless communication /
- Electromagnetic vortices /
- Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) /
- Spectrum efficiency

HTML全文

圖 1 PEC-PMC超表面示意圖

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圖 2 實驗測量裝置圖

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圖 3 環(huán)形孔超表面示意圖

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圖 4 超表面的幾何結構俯視圖

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圖 5 多徑信道系統(tǒng)模型示意圖

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圖 6 OAM多徑效應鏡面反射模型示意圖^[47]

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圖 7 OAM-MDM系統(tǒng)示意圖

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圖 8 復用與解復用示意圖

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圖 9 天線UCA示意圖

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表 1 電磁渦旋特性

特性	基本原理	潛在應用
正交性	任意兩個整數(shù)階模態(tài)的OAM波束互相正交，構成無窮維希爾伯特空間	提升系統(tǒng)頻譜效率
發(fā)散性	隨著距離和OAM階數(shù)的增加，OAM波束發(fā)散程度加劇	–
穩(wěn)定性	OAM的相位結構與傳輸距離無關^[26]；當拓撲電荷為整數(shù)時相位奇點處場強為零，并且隨著傳播距離增加，中心對稱的場強分布保持穩(wěn)定。	實現(xiàn)長距離傳輸
反射性	OAM渦旋波束經(jīng)過鏡面反射只改變旋轉方向不影響波前相位結構	有利于分析多徑效應對傳輸系統(tǒng)的影響
安全性	受到角度限制和橫向偏移的影響，在傳輸過程中對信號的抽樣檢測存在不確定性^[9]，可有效防止信息被竊取。	更高編碼強度，實現(xiàn)高容量高保密性通信^[27]
多維量子糾纏	單光子或糾纏光子可用于量子信息處理，非整數(shù)模態(tài)OAM模態(tài)可以分解為整數(shù)OAM模態(tài)的線性疊加；糾纏的量子態(tài)不可分離^[28]。	更高編碼強度，實現(xiàn)高容量高保密性通信^[27]

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表 2 典型OAM產(chǎn)生方法與分類

產(chǎn)生方式	生成原理	典型代表	優(yōu)缺點	應用
透射光柵結構	利用干涉條紋產(chǎn)生的交叉錯位結果得到的叉形光柵生成相位全息圖，結合計算機仿真數(shù)據(jù)制作相位全息面。	空間光調(diào)制器	成本低、轉換速度快、可工作在任意頻率、系統(tǒng)復雜度較低；但是僅能實現(xiàn)單模態(tài)和非純模態(tài)的生成、器件實現(xiàn)較復雜。	可用于毫米波頻段產(chǎn)生OAM波束，通過空間復用提高頻譜效率。
透射螺旋結構	波束透過厚度$h$隨中心旋轉方位角$\phi $比例變化的相位板，產(chǎn)生相位差隨厚度變化的透射電磁波。	單階梯型螺旋相位板多階梯型螺旋相位板多孔型螺旋相位板	成本低、轉換效率高、系統(tǒng)復雜度較低；但是僅能在單點頻率上實現(xiàn)單模態(tài)轉換，并且器件轉換過程較復雜。	可用于實現(xiàn)高容量、高頻譜效率的毫米波和太赫茲通信。
透射反射面	波束入射到非平面螺旋結構的不同區(qū)域，導致波束相鄰部分存在相對延遲。	階梯型反射面螺旋拋物面天線	成本低、系統(tǒng)復雜度較低、轉換效率和轉換速度正常；但是僅能在單點頻率上生成單模態(tài)和非純模態(tài)，并且實現(xiàn)過程較復雜。	通過OAM編碼技術實現(xiàn)同頻寬帶干擾和地面反射干擾的魯棒性傳輸。
透射反射面	波束入射到非平面螺旋結構的不同區(qū)域，導致波束相鄰部分存在相對延遲。	階梯型反射面螺旋拋物面天線		通過OAM編碼技術實現(xiàn)同頻寬帶干擾和地面反射干擾的魯棒性傳輸。	天線陣列	為各陣列單元饋送相同信號，通過改變陣元間饋電相位差產(chǎn)生不同的模態(tài)。	圓形相控陣列時間開關陣列巴特勒矩陣饋電陣列光實時延時天線陣列	可在所有頻率范圍內(nèi)生成多個模態(tài)和相反模態(tài)，器件制作較容易，轉換速度和效率一般；但是成本高、系統(tǒng)復雜度較高。	可對攜帶OAM的射頻信號進行多路復用和解復用，增加系統(tǒng)容量和效率。
q-板	在普通介質(zhì)材料上加工特定幾何形狀的凹槽形成一種非均勻雙折射結構。	–	成本低、系統(tǒng)復雜度較低、轉換速度一般；但是僅能在單點頻率處生成單模態(tài)，實現(xiàn)過程也較復雜。	可用于100 GHz毫米波OAM波束的產(chǎn)生和檢測^[30]。

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表 3 基于超表面的電磁渦旋產(chǎn)生方法比較

研究團隊	單元結構	產(chǎn)生方法/原理	實驗頻率	模態(tài)l	存在問題
香港大學和浙江研究團隊	–	3維光子晶體點缺陷^[37]	8.8 GHz	±2	–
	–	3維光子晶體點缺陷^[37]	9.7 GHz	±1	–
	偶極子	通過調(diào)整散射體的幾何形狀改變其諧振頻率，使得相移在設計頻率處發(fā)生變化^[32]	6.2 GHz	±2	超表面散射體之間通常存在不可避免相互耦合現(xiàn)象
上海同濟大學	金屬貼片層金屬接地層介電間隔層	梯度相位反射超表面^[38]	10 GHz	1	不連續(xù)相位剖面會引入相位噪聲
西安交通大學	金屬片和襯底	由變?nèi)荻O管加載可調(diào)諧散射體超表面^[39]	5.35 GHz	±1, ±2	元件數(shù)量受限，難以生成高模態(tài)

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表 4 典型的OAM檢測方法

檢測方法	結構	基本原理	優(yōu)缺點	結果
單點法	–	利用OAM遠場近似，對檢測點上電場和磁場的所有3個分量進行模式分析，計算得出在空間特定點上的拓撲電荷值。	成本低、系統(tǒng)復雜度較低；需對整個波前進行采樣；適用于單模態(tài)和較低模態(tài)的檢測。	–
相位梯度法	–	檢測兩點間相位梯度，通過螺旋相位結構判定OAM模態(tài)。	成本低、系統(tǒng)復雜度較低；僅需分析波前上的兩個采樣點，適用于單模態(tài)檢測。	–
多環(huán)諧振器OAM 天線	經(jīng)驗模式分解	電磁波的基礎可以由經(jīng)驗模式分解中的固有模式函數(shù)構成，由此定義每個局部拓撲電荷。	能夠檢測疊加態(tài)。	檢測了-2和3的疊加態(tài)
數(shù)字虛擬旋轉天線	接收天線高速采樣示波器頻譜分析儀	根據(jù)旋轉多普勒頻移和OAM模態(tài)之間的關系確定OAM模態(tài)。	系統(tǒng)較復雜；適用于檢測單個模態(tài)。	檢測了1, 2, 4共3個單模態(tài)
衍射模式轉換器	OAM模式轉換器，接收天線	SPP板產(chǎn)生不同模態(tài)渦旋波束；模式轉換器將渦旋波束映射為平面波，通過透鏡聚焦產(chǎn)生橫向光斑，最后接收。	成本較低；需檢測整個波前，但是適用于單模態(tài)和疊加態(tài)的檢測。	檢測了–3到3共7個單模態(tài)和兩個疊加態(tài)
全息超表面	全息超表面	超表面將OAM波束轉換為高斯波束，通過定位高斯波束在設定位置處的場強確定入射OAM模態(tài)。	系統(tǒng)復雜度較低；成本高、器件實現(xiàn)較復雜；適用于多個單模態(tài)的檢測。	檢測了–2到2共5個單模態(tài)
部分孔徑取樣接收法	–	將光學中用于OAM解復用的偏角接收孔徑法和采樣接收法結合。	僅需對部分波前進行采樣，以檢測多個模態(tài)；成本高；	–
均勻圓形天線陣列		對接收到的電磁渦旋進行頻譜分析。	可檢測相反模態(tài)和但，模態(tài)；成本高，需對整個波前采樣，系統(tǒng)復雜度高。

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表 5 OAM與LTE傳輸速率和頻譜利用率比較

通信類型	頻譜利用率(bps/Hz)	傳輸速率(Mbps)	調(diào)制方式
OAM	95.5	2560	16-QAM^[16]
LTE	16.32	326.4	64-QAM

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表 6 不同傳輸實驗比較

文獻	方法	模態(tài)l	傳輸距離	傳輸速率	頻率	頻譜效率	誤碼率
文獻[17]	螺旋拋物面天線	0, –1	442 m	–	2.4 GHz	–	–
文獻[64]	貼片陣列天線	±1, ±3	2.5 m	32 Gbps	毫米波	16 Gbps/Hz	3.8×10^–3
文獻[65]	部分波陣面接收	–	27.5 km	–	10 GHz	–	–

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